The Partnership for Clean Competition (PCC) combines the resources and expertise of many of America's leading sports entities to underwrite scientific anti-doping research. The PCC will make targeted grants in support of non-partisan and independent scientific research to be conducted at various universities and other world-class research institutions.  This independent research will focus on the development of more effective tests for performance enhancing substances. Additional research may explore the societal causes of doping and non-test based methods to decrease doping and performance-enhancing drug use across all levels of athletic participation and competition, from the casual youth sports participant to the elite amateur and professional athlete.